Are Casualty and Theft Losses Tax Deductible?
 If your property is destroyed, damaged, or stolen due to casualty or theft, you
may be entitled to a tax deduction. A casualty is the damage, destruction, or loss
of property resulting from an identifiable event that is sudden, unexpected, and
unusual.
A sudden event is one that is swift, not gradual or progressive. It does not include
damage from events such as termite infestation or deterioration from normal wind
and weather.
An unexpected event is one that is ordinarily unanticipated and unintended.
An unusual event is one that is not a day–to–day occurrence and that is not typical
of the activity in which you are engaged. Examples of casualties include car accidents,
fires, earthquakes, hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, and vandalism.
A theft is the taking and removing of property or money with the intent to deprive
the owner of it. Lost or mislaid property is not considered a theft; you cannot
deduct the loss.
If your property is covered by insurance, file a timely insurance claim for reimbursement
of the loss. Otherwise you cannot deduct this loss as a casualty or theft. This
does not apply to the portion of the loss not covered by insurance. If business
or income–producing property, such as rental property, is stolen or completely destroyed
or lost because of a casualty, the amount of your loss is your adjusted basis in
the property minus any salvage value and insurance or other reimbursement you receive
or expect to receive. Adjusted basis is usually your cost, increased or decreased
by various events such as improvements or depreciation.
To determine the amount of a casualty or theft loss of personal–use property, or
of the personal-use portion of business or income–producing property that is used
partly for personal purposes, you must know the fair market value of your property
before and after the casualty. Fair market value is the price for which you could
have sold the property to a willing buyer if neither of you had to sell or buy and
both knew all relevant facts. The amount of your loss is the lesser of:
- The decrease in fair market value as a result of the casualty; or
- Your adjusted basis in the property before the casualty or theft.
You must reduce your loss by any reimbursement you receive or expect to receive,
such as an insurance recovery.
To determine how much of the loss is deductible, if the property was held by you
for personal use, or partly for personal use, you further reduce your loss by $100.
This $100 reduction for personal use property applies to each casualty or theft
event that occurred during the year, regardless of how many items of property are
involved. The total of all your casualty and theft losses of personal use property
for the year must then be reduced by 10% of your adjusted gross income. The balance
that remains after making these reductions is the amount of your deductible casualty
or theft loss of personal use property.
To claim a casualty or theft loss, you must complete
Form 4684 (PDF),
Casualties and Thefts, and attach it to your return. You may
claim casualty or theft loss of personal use property only if you itemize deductions
on
Form 1040, Schedule A (PDF).
If your property is damaged by a casualty, you must decrease its adjusted basis
by the amount of any insurance or other reimbursement that you receive and by the
amount of any deductible loss. You must increase the adjusted basis by amounts you
spend on repairs after a casualty that substantially prolong the life of the property,
increase its value, or adapt it to a different use.
For more information about the basis of property, refer to
Topic 703, or
Publication 551,
Basis of Assets.
If you believe that your loss qualifies as a casualty or theft loss, refer to
Publication 547,
Casualties, Disasters, and Thefts. If many items of personal
use property are involved, you may wish to refer to
Publication 584,
Casualty, Disaster, and Theft Loss Workbook. If many items
of business use property are involved, you may wish to refer to
Publication 584B (PDF),
Business Casualty, Disaster or Theft Loss Workbook.
If you have a casualty loss from a disaster that occurred in an area declared by
the President to be a federal disaster area, refer to
Topic 515.
|